Table1
When do mothers scold their children?
% |
|
Severely |
Often |
Sometimes |
Never |
When children take money without permission and spend it on snacks |
61.4 |
23.6 |
10.2 |
4.8 |
85.0 |
When children tell their parents to "Shut up" |
45.1 |
34.6 |
16.5 |
3.8 |
When children do not take their scheduled lessons |
33.7 |
37.2 |
22.6 |
6.5 |
When children stay up late and watch TV |
26.8 |
34.1 |
29.0 |
10.1 |
When children quarrel with their friends resulting in their friend not attending school |
24.2 |
35.8 |
26.9 |
13.1 |
When children do not clean up their desks or their rooms for several days |
20.4 |
38.6 |
33.2 |
7.8 |
When children are noisy in restaurants |
15.9 |
37.9 |
45.2 |
1.0 |
When children do not answer their parents |
15.8 |
37.3 |
40.9 |
6.0 |
When children do not study for a test the next day |
10.0 |
24.6 |
40.1 |
25.3 |
When children refuse to eat something they dislike |
8.9 |
22.9 |
52.7 |
15.5 |
When children are not careful when riding a bicycle |
8.8 |
23.0 |
56.8 |
11.4 |
When children forget to help their parents |
8.2 |
26.8 |
54.6 |
10.4 |
When their children's test scores at school or after-school lessons are below average |
8.2 |
18.3 |
43.3 |
30.2 |
When children look the other way when their parents greet their neighbors |
7.9 |
22.3 |
59.5 |
10.3 |
When children do not offer a seat to an elderly person in the train |
4.4 |
11.4 |
49.3 |
34.9 |
When children do not make up after quarrelling with friends |
4.1 |
13.2 |
41.6 |
41.1 |
Table2
When do fathers scold their children?
% |
|
Severely |
Often |
Sometimes |
Never |
When children take money without permission and spend it on snacks |
59.2 |
23.1 |
11.6 |
6.1 |
When children tell their parents to "Shut up" |
54.9 |
25.2 |
14.7 |
5.2 |
When children do not take their scheduled lessons |
25.9 |
29.1 |
32.3 |
12.7 |
When children stay up late and watch TV |
25.8 |
27.2 |
31.0 |
16.0 |
When children quarrel with their friends resulting in their friend not attending school |
20.6 |
27.3 |
34.0 |
18.1 |
When children do not clean up their desks or their rooms for several days |
17.1 |
24.4 |
38.8 |
19.7 |
When children are noisy in restaurants |
23.3 |
31.5 |
37.2 |
8.0 |
When children do not answer their parents |
23.2 |
30.3 |
38.5 |
8.0 |
When children do not study for a test the next day |
11.7 |
20.1 |
36.8 |
31.4 |
When children refuse to eat something they dislike |
12.2 |
19.5 |
43.7 |
24.6 |
When children are not careful when riding a bicycle |
11.9 |
23.3 |
44.8 |
20.0 |
When children forget to help their parents |
8.6 |
21.8 |
52.9 |
16.7 |
When their children's test scores at school or after-school lessons are below average |
8.0 |
16.4 |
39.8 |
35.8 |
When children look the other way when their parents greet their neighbors |
9.9 |
20.7 |
49.7 |
19.7 |
When children do not offer a seat to an elderly person in the train |
6.1 |
13.2 |
44.4 |
36.3 |
When children do not make up after quarrelling with friends |
6.0 |
14.3 |
39.2 |
40.5 |
Table3
When do mothers praise their children?
% |
|
Very often |
Often |
Sometimes |
Never |
When children win 1st prize in a composition contest |
69.1 |
20.0 |
8.3 |
2.6 |
When children win 1st prize in a race on Sports Day or in a swimming contest |
35.3 |
33.5 |
25.6 |
5.6 |
When children get a perfect score on a test |
31.8 |
29.9 |
30.4 |
7.9 |
When children clean up their rooms without being asked |
26.8 |
28.5 |
27.8 |
16.9 |
55.3 |
When children help make meals without being asked |
24.9 |
30.8 |
31.3 |
13.0 |
55.7 |
When children look after a small child crying outside |
22.5 |
36.0 |
32.7 |
8.8 |
When children accompany their friends who do not have umbrellas back to their home when returning from school |
20.5 |
36.5 |
30.9 |
12.1 |
When children stay up late to study voluntarily before they are told to do so |
19.9 |
24.1 |
30.1 |
25.9 |
When children offer seats voluntarily to elderly people on the train |
14.4 |
29.4 |
45.2 |
11.0 |
When children properly receive telephone calls from strangers |
9.3 |
21.0 |
35.4 |
34.3 |
When children bow to their neighbors voluntarily |
8.9 |
24.1 |
42.3 |
24.7 |
Table4
How do parents scold their children?
% |
|
Often |
Sometimes |
Occasionally |
Rarely |
Never |
Verbal reprimand |
Mother |
70.4 |
16.3 |
10.1 |
2.6 |
0.6 |
Father |
49.5 |
20.9 |
15.4 |
11.9 |
2.3 |
Shouting |
Mother |
26.0 |
20.7 |
22.1 |
22.8 |
8.4 |
Father |
26.1 |
17.7 |
18.7 |
22.5 |
15.0 |
Prolonged scolding |
Mother |
15.5 |
14.2 |
17.2 |
33.8 |
19.3 |
29.7 |
Father |
11.2 |
12.3 |
12.7 |
31.2 |
32.6 |
23.5 |
Hitting or other corporal punishment |
Mother |
12.8 |
10.1 |
17.3 |
29.7 |
30.1 |
22.9 |
Father |
13.0 |
8.9 |
13.5 |
25.6 |
39.0 |
21.9 |
Ignoring for a period of time |
Mother |
8.1 |
8.5 |
13.6 |
26.8 |
43.0 |
16.6 |
Father |
4.3 |
3.7 |
7.9 |
23.3 |
60.8 |
8.0 |
Table5
How do parents praise their children?
% |
|
Often |
Sometimes |
Occasionally |
Rarely |
Never |
Verbal expression |
Mother |
37.5 |
27.3 |
20.4 |
11.7 |
3.1 |
64.8 |
14.8 |
Father |
35.0 |
23.1 |
19.8 |
15.8 |
6.3 |
58.1 |
Take the child somewhere as a reward |
Mother |
9.3 |
14.2 |
21.3 |
29.9 |
25.3 |
23.5 |
Father |
15.9 |
17.4 |
23.5 |
22.2 |
21.0 |
Give money or presents |
Mother |
9.0 |
16.3 |
25.5 |
27.6 |
21.6 |
Father |
15.6 |
17.6 |
23.6 |
22.5 |
20.7 |
Praise the child in front of a third person |
Mother |
2.4 |
5.3 |
8.0 |
31.1 |
53.2 |
Father |
2.2 |
3.3 |
6.7 |
25.8 |
62.0 |
Table6
What do children think about how their parents praise them
% |
|
Always |
Often |
Sometimes |
Never |
Wish to be praised again |
30.6 |
36.5 |
20.9 |
12.0 |
67.1 |
Praising is dependent on the parent's mood |
8.4 |
25.4 |
29.6 |
36.6 |
Not praised in any situation |
6.6 |
22.5 |
38.3 |
32.6 |
29.1 |
Somewhat awkward |
5.2 |
11.8 |
24.0 |
59.0 |
Table7
Do parents listen to the excuses or justifications of their children ?
% |
|
Mother |
Father |
No |
30.9 |
29.3 |
Yes |
69.1 |
70.7 |
Table8
Frequency of verbal warnings by mothers X do mothers give helpful advice to their children?
% |
|
Always |
Sometimes |
Rarely |
Others |
Frequency of verbal warnings |
Often |
40.9 |
36.8 |
10.2 |
12.1 |
Sometimes |
39.7 |
41.5 |
11.0 |
7.8 |
Occasionally |
48.1 |
36.5 |
5.9 |
9.5 |
Rarely |
37.2 |
25.6 |
20.9 |
16.3 |
Table9
Frequency of verbal warnings by mothers X do children like their mothers?
% |
|
Extremely |
Positively |
Somewhat |
Others |
Frequency of verbal warnings |
Often |
59.3 |
16.5 |
20.7 |
3.5 |
Sometimes |
62.8 |
19.3 |
16.8 |
1.1 |
Occasionally |
59.8 |
15.8 |
21.5 |
2.9 |
Rarely |
57.8 |
8.9 |
26.7 |
6.6 |
Table10
Frequency of verbal warnings by fathers X do fathers give helpful advice to their children?
% |
|
Always |
Sometimes |
Rarely |
Others |
Frequency of verbal warnings |
Often |
31.4 |
36.5 |
14.1 |
18.0 |
Sometimes |
31.6 |
38.8 |
18.4 |
11.2 |
Occasionally |
29.3 |
43.7 |
11.6 |
15.4 |
Rarely |
41.2 |
27.1 |
11.6 |
20.1 |
Table11
Frequency of verbal warnings by fathers X do children like their fathers?
% |
|
Extremely |
Positively |
Somewhat |
Others |
Frequency of verbal warnings |
Often |
52.9 |
19.2 |
19.7 |
8.2 |
Sometimes |
56.3 |
18.2 |
23.0 |
2.5 |
Occasionally |
58.0 |
18.6 |
19.3 |
4.1 |
Rarely |
62.9 |
13.2 |
18.5 |
5.4 |
Table12
When do fathers scold their children? X gender
% |
|
Boys |
Girls |
|
When children take money without permission and spend it on snacks |
62.9 |
55.3 |
* |
When they tell their parents to "Shut up" |
61.3 |
48.1 |
** |
When they do not take their scheduled lessons |
31.0 |
20.4 |
** |
When they stay up late and watch TV |
27.6 |
24.0 |
|
When they quarrel with their friends resulting in their friend not attending school |
24.2 |
16.8 |
** |
When they do not clean up their desks or their rooms for several days |
20.2 |
13.7 |
** |
When they are noisy in restaurants |
28.6 |
17.5 |
** |
When children do not answer their parents |
25.6 |
20.5 |
** |
When children do not study for a test the next day |
14.3 |
8.7 |
** |
When children refuse to eat something they dislike |
14.0 |
10.3 |
* |
When children are not careful when riding a bicycle |
14.1 |
9.6 |
** |
When children forget to help their parents |
10.9 |
6.0 |
** |
When their children's test scores at school or after-school lessons are below average |
10.3 |
5.5 |
** |
When children look the other way when their parents greet their neighbors |
11.4 |
8.4 |
* |
When children do not offer a seat to an elderly person in the train |
6.7 |
5.3 |
** |
When children do not make up after quarrelling with friends |
7.8 |
4.1 |
** |
Table13
When do fathers praise their children? X gender
% |
|
Boys |
Girls |
|
When children win 1st prize in a composition contest |
60.9 |
66.8 |
** |
When children win 1st prize in a race on Sports Day or in a swimming contest |
37.8 |
45.1 |
** |
When children get a perfect score on a test |
30.5 |
36.5 |
** |
When children clean up their rooms without being asked |
21.1 |
24.7 |
* |
When children help make meals without being asked |
15.5 |
20.3 |
** |
When children look after a small child crying outside |
20.5 |
20.5 |
* |
When children accompany their friends who do not have umbrellas back to their home when returning from school |
18.8 |
20.8 |
* |
When children stay up late to study voluntarily before they are told to do so |
17.8 |
20.5 |
* |
When children offer seats voluntarily to elderly people on the train |
14.6 |
15.7 |
** |
When children can properly receive telephone calls from strangers |
12.8 |
13.6 |
|
When children bow to their neighbors voluntarily |
12.9 |
14.5 |
* |
Percentage of the fathers who "scold the child very much"
*: α < 0.05
**: α < 0.01
Table14
Hitting or corporal punishment X gender
% |
|
Often |
Sometimes |
Occasionally |
Rarely |
Never |
Mother |
Father |
Mother |
Father |
Mother |
Father |
Mother |
Father |
Mother |
Father |
Boys |
15.1 |
17.7 |
11.7 |
10.7 |
18.5 |
16.2 |
29.1 |
25.7 |
25.6 |
29.7 |
Girls |
10.2 |
8.0 |
8.4 |
7.1 |
15.9 |
10.6 |
30.3 |
25.6 |
35.2 |
48.7 |
Table15
When do fathers scold their children? X grade
% |
|
4th grade |
5th grade |
6th grade |
|
When children take money without permission and spend it on snacks |
62.7 |
58.4 |
56.8 |
|
When children tell their parents to "Shut up" |
58.7 |
53.1 |
53.1 |
|
When children do not take their scheduled lessons |
25.2 |
24.4 |
27.8 |
* |
When children stay up late and watch TV |
28.9 |
24.9 |
23.8 |
|
When children quarrel with their friends resulting in their friend not attending school |
24.0 |
20.1 |
18.0 |
** |
When children do not clean up their desks or their rooms for several days |
22.2 |
15.3 |
13.9 |
** |
When children are noisy in restaurants |
26.4 |
20.9 |
22.6 |
** |
When children do not answer their parents |
24.7 |
21.2 |
23.5 |
* |
When children do not study for a test the next day |
15.5 |
9.5 |
10.1 |
** |
When children refuse to eat something they dislike |
15.4 |
11.7 |
9.7 |
** |
When children are not careful when riding a bicycle |
14.5 |
12.2 |
9.2 |
** |
When children forget to help their parents |
11.0 |
6.2 |
8.4 |
|
When their children's test scores at school or after-school lessons are below average |
11.3 |
6.3 |
6.5 |
** |
When children look the other way when their parents greet their neighbors |
10.6 |
8.6 |
10.5 |
|
When children do not offer a seat to an elderly person in the train |
7.6 |
6.0 |
4.7 |
** |
When children do not make up after quarrelling with friends |
8.9 |
5.1 |
4.2 |
** |
Percentage of the fathers who "scold the child very much"
*: α < 0.05
**: α < 0.01
Table16
Are children annoyed by the way parents scold them? X grade
% |
|
Always |
Sometimes |
Rarely |
Never |
4th grade |
12.5 |
25.6 |
31.9 |
30.0 |
5th grade |
17.5 |
34.2 |
28.5 |
19.8 |
6th grade |
25.0 |
32.0 |
26.6 |
16.4 |
Table17
Do children lose motivation when scolded? X grade
% |
|
Always |
Sometimes |
Rarely |
Never |
4th grade |
15.5 |
26.5 |
29.9 |
28.1 |
5th grade |
22.0 |
30.2 |
25.9 |
21.9 |
6th grade |
23.5 |
33.4 |
23.7 |
19.4 |
Table18
Do children dislike a parent who scolds them? X grade
% |
|
Always |
Sometimes |
Rarely |
Never |
4th grade |
8.1 |
12.5 |
28.0 |
51.4 |
5th grade |
9.4 |
19.6 |
29.7 |
41.3 |
6th grade |
15.1 |
21.9 |
32.0 |
31.0 |
Table19
Children's perceptions of parents' methods of scolding X do children talk often with their families at mealtime?
% |
|
Children talk often with their families during meals. |
Very often |
Occasionally |
Rarely |
Never |
|
Scolded too harshly |
11.5 |
9.9 |
18.4 |
33.9 |
** |
Scolded because of parent's bad temper |
7.2 |
8.7 |
13.7 |
28.6 |
** |
Feel annoyed |
14.9 |
18.3 |
26.2 |
46.8 |
** |
Feel decreased motivation |
19.2 |
18.1 |
21.9 |
54.8 |
** |
Feel dislike towards the parent |
8.1 |
10.8 |
17.6 |
31.7 |
** |
Feel deserving of the scolding |
29.9 |
20.8 |
20.4 |
19.7 |
** |
Try to avoid subsequent scolding |
42.6 |
28.8 |
23.2 |
16.1 |
** |
** : α < 0.01
Percentage of those who "always agree" to the statements on the left
Table20
Do parents hit or give corporal punishment to their children?
% |
|
Father |
Often |
Sometimes |
Occasionally |
Rarely |
Never |
Mother |
Often |
48.8 |
11.4 |
10.9 |
16.6 |
12.3 |
Sometimes |
20.2 |
21.4 |
14.3 |
22.7 |
21.4 |
Occasionally |
11.0 |
13.4 |
30.3 |
23.0 |
22.3 |
Rarely |
5.3 |
7.3 |
14.5 |
44.8 |
28.1 |
Never |
4.7 |
2.2 |
4.1 |
12.7 |
76.3 |
Table21
Do parents praise their children?
% |
|
Father |
Often |
Sometimes |
Occasionally |
Rarely |
Never |
Mother |
Often |
69.3 |
16.7 |
8.0 |
4.6 |
1.4 |
Sometimes |
19.4 |
41.7 |
23.8 |
12.5 |
2.6 |
Occasionally |
12.7 |
20.8 |
36.1 |
24.6 |
5.8 |
Rarely |
4.6 |
9.8 |
23.2 |
45.9 |
16.5 |
Never |
1.9 |
3.8 |
13.2 |
13.2 |
67.9 |
Table22
When are children scolded by adults other than their parents?
% |
|
More than 2 or 3 times |
2 or 3 times |
Once |
Never |
I have never done the behavior on the left |
Playing around outside |
3.8 |
16.0 |
31.2 |
18.8 |
30.2 |
51.0 |
Behaving noisily on the bus or train |
2.1 |
5.6 |
16.4 |
29.4 |
46.5 |
Playing outside until late in the evening |
1.2 |
2.5 |
7.3 |
32.9 |
56.1 |
Bullying a friend or when a friend was injured |
1.0 |
2.1 |
9.9 |
23.7 |
63.3 |
Picking someone else's flowers or fruit |
0.9 |
2.0 |
5.2 |
16.1 |
75.8 |
Breaking someone's window |
0.8 |
1.0 |
5.2 |
11.6 |
81.4 |
Quarreling with a friend |
0.6 |
2.8 |
7.7 |
27.9 |
61.0 |
Table23
When are children praised by adults other than their parents?
% |
|
More than 2 or 3 times |
2 or 3 times |
Once |
Never |
I have never done the behavior on the left |
Running errands |
24.7 |
26.3 |
22.3 |
17.3 |
9.4 |
73.3 |
Playing with younger children |
24.3 |
22.1 |
19.8 |
17.1 |
16.7 |
57.2 |
Greeting neighbors |
23.5 |
23.7 |
24.8 |
23.1 |
4.9 |
72.0 |
Helping someone with directions |
12.6 |
32.3 |
30.7 |
14.1 |
10.3 |
75.6 |
Speaking politely to strangers |
10.2 |
15.9 |
26.6 |
34.2 |
13.1 |
Giving up a seat for an eldery person |
10.0 |
22.8 |
28.3 |
21.8 |
17.1 |
Cleaning the streets in the neighborhood |
8.3 |
15.2 |
18.6 |
23.6 |
34.3 |
Cleaning a public area (e.g., park) |
5.0 |
7.8 |
14.7 |
26.6 |
45.9 |
Table24
Experience of being scolded severely
% |
|
Often |
Occasionally |
Once |
Never |
Hit by parent |
20.6 |
37.9 |
25.8 |
15.7 |
84.3 |
Pinched by parent |
8.0 |
14.6 |
18.2 |
59.2 |
Not allowed to come into the house |
7.5 |
19.8 |
27.5 |
45.2 |
Forced to skip meals |
2.6 |
5.1 |
12.2 |
80.1 |
Ignored by parent |
4.2 |
6.8 |
21.1 |
67.9 |
Table25
How do children evaluate the experience of being scolded now?
% |
Scolded too harshly |
22.0 |
Deserved the scolding |
63.1 |
Scolded appropriately |
14.9 |
Table26
Experience of being hit X do parents understand their children's feelings or thoughts?
% |
|
Extremely |
Somewhat |
Rarely |
Never |
Experience of being hit |
Often |
26.5 |
31.5 |
27.1 |
14.9 |
Occasionally |
31.5 |
43.4 |
20.4 |
4.7 |
Once |
37.8 |
42.2 |
17.1 |
2.9 |
Never |
42.7 |
40.9 |
14.2 |
2.2 |
Table27
Experience of being hit X do parents take time and listen to their children?
% |
|
Often |
Sometimes |
Rarely |
Never |
Experience of being hit |
Often |
23.5 |
36.6 |
26.9 |
13.0 |
Occasionally |
30.3 |
47.9 |
19.1 |
2.7 |
Once |
41.3 |
43.6 |
13.8 |
1.3 |
Never |
50.4 |
37.2 |
10.9 |
1.5 |