Table1
When do mothers scold their children?
%
  Severely Often Sometimes Never
When children take money without permission and spend it on snacks 61.4 23.6 10.2 4.8
85.0
When children tell their parents to "Shut up" 45.1 34.6 16.5 3.8
When children do not take their scheduled lessons 33.7 37.2 22.6 6.5
When children stay up late and watch TV 26.8 34.1 29.0 10.1
When children quarrel with their friends resulting in their friend not attending school 24.2 35.8 26.9 13.1
When children do not clean up their desks or their rooms for several days 20.4 38.6 33.2 7.8
When children are noisy in restaurants 15.9 37.9 45.2 1.0
When children do not answer their parents 15.8 37.3 40.9 6.0
When children do not study for a test the next day 10.0 24.6 40.1 25.3
When children refuse to eat something they dislike 8.9 22.9 52.7 15.5
When children are not careful when riding a bicycle 8.8 23.0 56.8 11.4
When children forget to help their parents 8.2 26.8 54.6 10.4
When their children's test scores at school or after-school lessons are below average 8.2 18.3 43.3 30.2
When children look the other way when their parents greet their neighbors 7.9 22.3 59.5 10.3
When children do not offer a seat to an elderly person in the train 4.4 11.4 49.3 34.9
When children do not make up after quarrelling with friends 4.1 13.2 41.6 41.1


Table2
When do fathers scold their children?
%
  Severely Often Sometimes Never
When children take money without permission and spend it on snacks 59.2 23.1 11.6 6.1
When children tell their parents to "Shut up" 54.9 25.2 14.7 5.2
When children do not take their scheduled lessons 25.9 29.1 32.3 12.7
When children stay up late and watch TV 25.8 27.2 31.0 16.0
When children quarrel with their friends resulting in their friend not attending school 20.6 27.3 34.0 18.1
When children do not clean up their desks or their rooms for several days 17.1 24.4 38.8 19.7
When children are noisy in restaurants 23.3 31.5 37.2 8.0
When children do not answer their parents 23.2 30.3 38.5 8.0
When children do not study for a test the next day 11.7 20.1 36.8 31.4
When children refuse to eat something they dislike 12.2 19.5 43.7 24.6
When children are not careful when riding a bicycle 11.9 23.3 44.8 20.0
When children forget to help their parents 8.6 21.8 52.9 16.7
When their children's test scores at school or after-school lessons are below average 8.0 16.4 39.8 35.8
When children look the other way when their parents greet their neighbors 9.9 20.7 49.7 19.7
When children do not offer a seat to an elderly person in the train 6.1 13.2 44.4 36.3
When children do not make up after quarrelling with friends 6.0 14.3 39.2 40.5


Table3
When do mothers praise their children?
%
  Very often Often Sometimes Never
When children win 1st prize in a composition contest 69.1 20.0 8.3 2.6
When children win 1st prize in a race on Sports Day or in a swimming contest 35.3 33.5 25.6 5.6
When children get a perfect score on a test 31.8 29.9 30.4 7.9
When children clean up their rooms without being asked 26.8 28.5 27.8 16.9
55.3
When children help make meals without being asked 24.9 30.8 31.3 13.0
55.7
When children look after a small child crying outside 22.5 36.0 32.7 8.8
When children accompany their friends who do not have umbrellas back to their home when returning from school 20.5 36.5 30.9 12.1
When children stay up late to study voluntarily before they are told to do so 19.9 24.1 30.1 25.9
When children offer seats voluntarily to elderly people on the train 14.4 29.4 45.2 11.0
When children properly receive telephone calls from strangers 9.3 21.0 35.4 34.3
When children bow to their neighbors voluntarily 8.9 24.1 42.3 24.7


Table4
How do parents scold their children?
%
  Often Sometimes Occasionally Rarely Never
Verbal reprimand Mother 70.4 16.3 10.1 2.6 0.6
Father 49.5 20.9 15.4 11.9 2.3
Shouting Mother 26.0 20.7 22.1 22.8 8.4
Father 26.1 17.7 18.7 22.5 15.0
Prolonged scolding Mother 15.5 14.2 17.2 33.8 19.3
29.7
Father 11.2 12.3 12.7 31.2 32.6
23.5
Hitting or other corporal punishment Mother 12.8 10.1 17.3 29.7 30.1
22.9
Father 13.0 8.9 13.5 25.6 39.0
21.9
Ignoring for a period of time Mother 8.1 8.5 13.6 26.8 43.0
16.6
Father 4.3 3.7 7.9 23.3 60.8
8.0


Table5
How do parents praise their children?
%
  Often Sometimes Occasionally Rarely Never
Verbal expression Mother 37.5 27.3 20.4 11.7 3.1
64.8 14.8
Father 35.0 23.1 19.8 15.8 6.3
58.1
Take the child somewhere as a reward Mother 9.3 14.2 21.3 29.9 25.3
23.5
Father 15.9 17.4 23.5 22.2 21.0
Give money or presents Mother 9.0 16.3 25.5 27.6 21.6
Father 15.6 17.6 23.6 22.5 20.7
Praise the child in front of a third person Mother 2.4 5.3 8.0 31.1 53.2
Father 2.2 3.3 6.7 25.8 62.0


Table6
What do children think about how their parents praise them
%
  Always Often Sometimes Never
Wish to be praised again 30.6 36.5 20.9 12.0
67.1
Praising is dependent on the parent's mood 8.4 25.4 29.6 36.6
Not praised in any situation 6.6 22.5 38.3 32.6
29.1
Somewhat awkward 5.2 11.8 24.0 59.0


Table7
Do parents listen to the excuses or justifications of their children ?
%
  Mother Father
No 30.9 29.3
Yes 69.1 70.7


Table8
Frequency of verbal warnings by mothers X do mothers give helpful advice to their children?
%
  Always Sometimes Rarely Others
Frequency of verbal warnings Often 40.9 36.8 10.2 12.1
Sometimes 39.7 41.5 11.0 7.8
Occasionally 48.1 36.5 5.9 9.5
Rarely 37.2 25.6 20.9 16.3


Table9
Frequency of verbal warnings by mothers X do children like their mothers?
%
  Extremely Positively Somewhat Others
Frequency of verbal warnings Often 59.3 16.5 20.7 3.5
Sometimes 62.8 19.3 16.8 1.1
Occasionally 59.8 15.8 21.5 2.9
Rarely 57.8 8.9 26.7 6.6


Table10
Frequency of verbal warnings by fathers X do fathers give helpful advice to their children?
%
  Always Sometimes Rarely Others
Frequency of verbal warnings Often 31.4 36.5 14.1 18.0
Sometimes 31.6 38.8 18.4 11.2
Occasionally 29.3 43.7 11.6 15.4
Rarely 41.2 27.1 11.6 20.1


Table11
Frequency of verbal warnings by fathers X do children like their fathers?
%
  Extremely Positively Somewhat Others
Frequency of verbal warnings Often 52.9 19.2 19.7 8.2
Sometimes 56.3 18.2 23.0 2.5
Occasionally 58.0 18.6 19.3 4.1
Rarely 62.9 13.2 18.5 5.4


Table12
When do fathers scold their children? X gender
%
  Boys Girls  
When children take money without permission and spend it on snacks 62.9 55.3 *
When they tell their parents to "Shut up" 61.3 48.1 **
When they do not take their scheduled lessons 31.0 20.4 **
When they stay up late and watch TV 27.6 24.0  
When they quarrel with their friends resulting in their friend not attending school 24.2 16.8 **
When they do not clean up their desks or their rooms for several days 20.2 13.7 **
When they are noisy in restaurants 28.6 17.5 **
When children do not answer their parents 25.6 20.5 **
When children do not study for a test the next day 14.3 8.7 **
When children refuse to eat something they dislike 14.0 10.3 *
When children are not careful when riding a bicycle 14.1 9.6 **
When children forget to help their parents 10.9 6.0 **
When their children's test scores at school or after-school lessons are below average 10.3 5.5 **
When children look the other way when their parents greet their neighbors 11.4 8.4 *
When children do not offer a seat to an elderly person in the train 6.7 5.3 **
When children do not make up after quarrelling with friends 7.8 4.1 **


Table13
When do fathers praise their children? X gender
%
  Boys Girls  
When children win 1st prize in a composition contest 60.9 66.8 **
When children win 1st prize in a race on Sports Day or in a swimming contest 37.8 45.1 **
When children get a perfect score on a test 30.5 36.5 **
When children clean up their rooms without being asked 21.1 24.7 *
When children help make meals without being asked 15.5 20.3 **
When children look after a small child crying outside 20.5 20.5 *
When children accompany their friends who do not have umbrellas back to their home when returning from school 18.8 20.8 *
When children stay up late to study voluntarily before they are told to do so 17.8 20.5 *
When children offer seats voluntarily to elderly people on the train 14.6 15.7 **
When children can properly receive telephone calls from strangers 12.8 13.6  
When children bow to their neighbors voluntarily 12.9 14.5 *

Percentage of the fathers who "scold the child very much"
*: α < 0.05
**: α < 0.01



Table14
Hitting or corporal punishment X gender
%
  Often Sometimes Occasionally Rarely Never
Mother Father Mother Father Mother Father Mother Father Mother Father
Boys 15.1 17.7 11.7 10.7 18.5 16.2 29.1 25.7 25.6 29.7
Girls 10.2 8.0 8.4 7.1 15.9 10.6 30.3 25.6 35.2 48.7


Table15
When do fathers scold their children? X grade
%
  4th grade 5th grade 6th grade  
When children take money without permission and spend it on snacks 62.7 58.4 56.8  
When children tell their parents to "Shut up" 58.7 53.1 53.1  
When children do not take their scheduled lessons 25.2 24.4 27.8 *
When children stay up late and watch TV 28.9 24.9 23.8  
When children quarrel with their friends resulting in their friend not attending school 24.0 20.1 18.0 **
When children do not clean up their desks or their rooms for several days 22.2 15.3 13.9 **
When children are noisy in restaurants 26.4 20.9 22.6 **
When children do not answer their parents 24.7 21.2 23.5 *
When children do not study for a test the next day 15.5 9.5 10.1 **
When children refuse to eat something they dislike 15.4 11.7 9.7 **
When children are not careful when riding a bicycle 14.5 12.2 9.2 **
When children forget to help their parents 11.0 6.2 8.4  
When their children's test scores at school or after-school lessons are below average 11.3 6.3 6.5 **
When children look the other way when their parents greet their neighbors 10.6 8.6 10.5  
When children do not offer a seat to an elderly person in the train 7.6 6.0 4.7 **
When children do not make up after quarrelling with friends 8.9 5.1 4.2 **

Percentage of the fathers who "scold the child very much"
*: α < 0.05
**: α < 0.01



Table16
Are children annoyed by the way parents scold them? X grade
%
  Always Sometimes Rarely Never
4th grade 12.5 25.6 31.9 30.0
5th grade 17.5 34.2 28.5 19.8
6th grade 25.0 32.0 26.6 16.4


Table17
Do children lose motivation when scolded? X grade
%
  Always Sometimes Rarely Never
4th grade 15.5 26.5 29.9 28.1
5th grade 22.0 30.2 25.9 21.9
6th grade 23.5 33.4 23.7 19.4


Table18
Do children dislike a parent who scolds them? X grade
%
  Always Sometimes Rarely Never
4th grade 8.1 12.5 28.0 51.4
5th grade 9.4 19.6 29.7 41.3
6th grade 15.1 21.9 32.0 31.0


Table19
Children's perceptions of parents' methods of scolding X do children talk often with their families at mealtime?
%
  Children talk often with their families during meals.
Very often Occasionally Rarely Never  
Scolded too harshly 11.5 9.9 18.4 33.9 **
Scolded because of parent's bad temper 7.2 8.7 13.7 28.6 **
Feel annoyed 14.9 18.3 26.2 46.8 **
Feel decreased motivation 19.2 18.1 21.9 54.8 **
Feel dislike towards the parent 8.1 10.8 17.6 31.7 **
Feel deserving of the scolding 29.9 20.8 20.4 19.7 **
Try to avoid subsequent scolding 42.6 28.8 23.2 16.1 **

** : α < 0.01
Percentage of those who "always agree" to the statements on the left



Table20
Do parents hit or give corporal punishment to their children?
%
  Father
Often Sometimes Occasionally Rarely Never
Mother Often 48.8 11.4 10.9 16.6 12.3
Sometimes 20.2 21.4 14.3 22.7 21.4
Occasionally 11.0 13.4 30.3 23.0 22.3
Rarely 5.3 7.3 14.5 44.8 28.1
Never 4.7 2.2 4.1 12.7 76.3


Table21
Do parents praise their children?
%
  Father
Often Sometimes Occasionally Rarely Never
Mother Often 69.3 16.7 8.0 4.6 1.4
Sometimes 19.4 41.7 23.8 12.5 2.6
Occasionally 12.7 20.8 36.1 24.6 5.8
Rarely 4.6 9.8 23.2 45.9 16.5
Never 1.9 3.8 13.2 13.2 67.9


Table22
When are children scolded by adults other than their parents?
%
  More than 2 or 3 times 2 or 3 times Once Never I have never done the behavior on the left
Playing around outside 3.8 16.0 31.2 18.8 30.2
51.0
Behaving noisily on the bus or train 2.1 5.6 16.4 29.4 46.5
Playing outside until late in the evening 1.2 2.5 7.3 32.9 56.1
Bullying a friend or when a friend was injured 1.0 2.1 9.9 23.7 63.3
Picking someone else's flowers or fruit 0.9 2.0 5.2 16.1 75.8
Breaking someone's window 0.8 1.0 5.2 11.6 81.4
Quarreling with a friend 0.6 2.8 7.7 27.9 61.0


Table23
When are children praised by adults other than their parents?
%
  More than 2 or 3 times 2 or 3 times Once Never I have never done the behavior on the left
Running errands 24.7 26.3 22.3 17.3 9.4
73.3
Playing with younger children 24.3 22.1 19.8 17.1 16.7
57.2
Greeting neighbors 23.5 23.7 24.8 23.1 4.9
72.0
Helping someone with directions 12.6 32.3 30.7 14.1 10.3
75.6
Speaking politely to strangers 10.2 15.9 26.6 34.2 13.1
Giving up a seat for an eldery person 10.0 22.8 28.3 21.8 17.1
Cleaning the streets in the neighborhood 8.3 15.2 18.6 23.6 34.3
Cleaning a public area (e.g., park) 5.0 7.8 14.7 26.6 45.9


Table24
Experience of being scolded severely
%
  Often Occasionally Once Never
Hit by parent 20.6 37.9 25.8 15.7
84.3
Pinched by parent 8.0 14.6 18.2 59.2
Not allowed to come into the house 7.5 19.8 27.5 45.2
Forced to skip meals 2.6 5.1 12.2 80.1
Ignored by parent 4.2 6.8 21.1 67.9


Table25
How do children evaluate the experience of being scolded now?
%
Scolded too harshly 22.0
Deserved the scolding 63.1
Scolded appropriately 14.9


Table26
Experience of being hit X do parents understand their children's feelings or thoughts?
%
  Extremely Somewhat Rarely Never
Experience of being hit Often 26.5 31.5 27.1 14.9
Occasionally 31.5 43.4 20.4 4.7
Once 37.8 42.2 17.1 2.9
Never 42.7 40.9 14.2 2.2


Table27
Experience of being hit X do parents take time and listen to their children?
%
  Often Sometimes Rarely Never
Experience of being hit Often 23.5 36.6 26.9 13.0
Occasionally 30.3 47.9 19.1 2.7
Once 41.3 43.6 13.8 1.3
Never 50.4 37.2 10.9 1.5