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| Mark Bray makes an in depth analysis of the issue of Private Supplementary Education, which has been prominent in many Asian nations and now growing in other parts of the world. |
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Demand for private supplementary tutoring: conceptual considerations, and socio-economic patterns in Hong Kong (PDF) By Mark Bray and Percy Kwok Economics of Education Review 22 (2003) 611-620 Abstract: Despite the fact that in some parts of the world private supplementary tutoring is a huge industry with far-reaching economic, social and educational implications, the topic has been neglected by educational researchers. This paper focuses on the nature and determinants of demand for private supplementary tutoring. It first draws on literature from a wide range of countries to identify some considerations, and then presents data on socio-economic patterns of demand for tutoring in Hong Kong. It highlights the complexity of the topic, and calls for further detailed research in multiple settings. Keywords: Demand; Expenditures, Private supplementary tutoring; Hong Kong >> To read the full article in PDF |
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The shadow education system: private tutoring and its implications for planners (PDF) By Mark Bray International Institute for Educational Planning, UNESCO, 1999. Excerpted from the Preface by Françoise Caillods, General Editor of International Institute for Educational Planning, UNESCO "Private tuition is not a new phenomenon: it has been praised for quite a number of years in developed and developing countries alike. In fact, private tuition has become part of the educational environment to such an extent that nobody really questions its existence. The scale of these activities varies a great deal from country to country, but it is often underestimated. In some countries, additional private courses, whether provided on an individual basis or in special institutions, have become a huge business, mobilizing extensive resources and employing many people. Mark Bray reports that in the Republic of Korea, admittedly somewhat an extremely case, parents spend on private institution 150 per cent of the sum that the government invests in education......" >> To read the full article in PDF Another article on private supplementary education by Mark Bray is available from the following link: |
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Adverse effects of private supplementary tutoring: Dimensions, implications and government responses (PDF) By Mark Bray International Institute for Educational Planning, UNESCO 2003. |
| Mark Bray is Chair Professor of Comparative Education and Dean of the Faculty of Education at the University of Hong Kong. He is also President of the World Council of Comparative Education Societies (WCCES). He has written extensively in the field of comparative education, with particular reference to aspects of policy-making, financing, planning and administration of education. He has undertaken numerous consultancies in the Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and the South Pacific for such organisations as the Aga Khan Foundation, the Asian Development Bank, the Commonwealth Secretariat, UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF and the World Bank. Address: Comparative Education Research Centre, Faculty of Education, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China. E-mail: mbray@hku.hk. Child Research Net would like to express our gratitude for Prof. Bray to grant us to reprint his articles for our constituents/readers/users. |